1. Gambling And Native American Tribes Names
2. Native American Casinos History
3. List Of Native American Casinos
4. Native American Gambling Games

Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States, except Hawaii and territories of the United States.More than 570 federally recognized tribes live within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations.The term 'American Indian' excludes Native Hawaiians and some Alaskan Natives, while. Mar 29, 2019  While most Native American tribes are allowed to offer gambling on their land, several other tribes across the nation are blocked from doing so.

American Indian tribes have 460 gaming facilities in 28 states, but none offers online gambling—at least not yet.

Nevada, New Jersey and Delaware are the only states that have legal Internet gambling, but it is spreading internationally. Worldwide, online betting generates almost $30 billion of revenue a year, with Americans spending $4 billion, according to estimates from the American Gaming Association. Some of the 240 Indian tribes in the U.S. are eager for a piece of that market.

It's unclear how much revenue online gambling will bring to U.S. tribes or states. In New Jersey, for example, Republican Gov. Chris Christie is hoping his state can collect $1.2 billion a year from legal online betting. Fitch Ratings, however, estimates its take will be $300 million to $750 million annually over the next several years.

By the end of the year, an American Indian tribe in rural California, the Alturas Indian Rancheria Tribe, expects to launch the country's first tribal online gambling effort. The Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma are pressing forward with a site that will target gamblers from outside the United States. And the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians in the Midwest is actively preparing for the possibility that more states or the federal government will sanction online gambling sometime soon.

Tribes have been deeply divided over whether to allow gambling on their reservations, and online betting is just as divisive. Those that back casinos to combat high unemployment and poverty among Native Americans see online gambling as the next logical step. To prepare, many have set up websites that offer free games with no prizes. But other tribes fear online gaming will siphon business from their casinos.

States began legalizing online betting after the U.S. Justice Department reversed its ban on Internet gambling in December 2011. California, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts and Texas were among the states that considered proposals related to online gambling this year, but none was approved.

SOVEREIGN NATIONS

Because the federal government recognizes tribes as sovereign nations, their gaming businesses are generally exempt from federal and state income taxes and local property taxes. Some tribes share casino revenues with states, often in exchange for agreements to keep out privately-run casinos—such deals exist in California, Florida, Minnesota and Wisconsin—but the amount is much less than states would collect in taxes from private casinos.

In 2011, the most recent year for which data are available, tribes funneled $1.4 billion to states and localities under such agreements, according to the Casino City's Indian Gaming Industry Report. By contrast, states and localities raked in $8.6 billion in tax revenue from non-tribe casinos in 2012, according to the American Gaming Association.

Under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, the federal government must approve state-tribe compacts, casino management contracts and tribal gaming ordinances. But that authority applies only to 'Class III' gaming, including slot machines, other video and electronic games of chance, craps, roulette and blackjack. The tribes themselves have authority over 'Class II' gaming, such as bingo, pull-tabs, lotto and punch boards. The online games that tribes in Oklahoma and California plan to launch involve Class II gambling.

A FIRST IN OKLAHOMA

Oklahoma doesn't allow its residents to gamble online, but under an unusual agreement reached with the state earlier this year, the Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes will be allowed to target online gamblers from outside the U.S.

Under a first-of-its-kind settlement with Republican Gov. Mary Fallin, the tribes agreed to close an online site called www.pokertribes.com that the state said was illegal. In exchange, Oklahoma will allow the tribes to launch a website that takes bets only from people outside the United States.

The tribes also will give Oklahoma 10% of the revenues generated from online card games and up to 6% from online bingo, lottery and other games. It is unclear how much money that will be.

Tribal casinos in Oklahoma generated $3.5 billion in revenues in 2011, second only to those in California. Oklahoma collected $134 million as part of its revenue sharing agreements with the tribes that year, according to the Casino City's Indian Gaming Industry Report.

Gambling And Native American Tribes Names

ALL EYES ON CALIFORNIA

Tribal casinos in California had $6.9 billion in revenues in 2011, 25% of the total Indian casino revenues nationwide, according to the Casino City's Indian Gaming Industry Report. From that total, the 60 California tribes gave $387 million to the state and localities, tops in the nation.

Native American Casinos History

The Alturas Indian Rancheria Tribe in Northern California is expected to be the first tribe to formally launch online gaming by the end of the year. The tribe has partnered with a company called Great Luck that has developed a technology open to gamblers anywhere in the country, who could play on their home computers or on mobile devices.

Great Luck, which is headed by Indians from other tribes, unveiled what it called 'first tribal online bingo site in the United States' during an event in Las Vegas in September. A primitive version is available now in a 'free-play' format, but it expects 'real-money' games to start with its deal with the Alturas Indian Rancheria Tribe, via the host site, DesertRoseBingo.com.

Tribes that use this system are banking on VPN-like technology called 'Virtual Private Network Assisted Play System' that ensures that bettors are located on reservation property virtually, rather than physically. Once players are registered and approved, they can play games via 'proxy play,' in which the system connects wagers to servers located on Indian lands, 'thus ensuring that all actual game play is taking place within sovereign Indian lands,' the company said.

The technology will make sure the online player is of legal age and from a state that allows Class II gaming, which most do.

The tribe has talked to state and federal authorities about its plan, said Cruz Bustamante, the former lieutenant governor of California who represents the tribe. He said the tribe hasn't received any kind of official approval, but it hasn't been told to stop.

'Great Luck has assembled a first-rate legal team with extensive experience in Tribal and non-Tribal gaming law, banking, and patent protection,' said Allison Clear Fastowof Blue Engine Media, on behalf of Great Luck. 'Our customers can feel confident that they are participating in a legal gaming experience,' she said.

Great Luck is headed by Joseph Valandra, a member of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe of South Dakota, and J R Mathews, a member of the Quapaw and Seneca/Cayuga Tribes of Oklahoma.

FREE ONLINE PLAY IN WISCONSIN

A Wisconsin tribe also is pursuing online gambling and is trying to form an alliance with other tribes. The Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians in October became the first tribe to officially join the Tribal Internet Gaming Alliance, with the aim to 'bring Internet gaming to Indian Country' within the framework of federal and state laws.

If three other tribes join, the alliance can set up a gaming commission to license and regulate tribal online gaming. Otherwise, it has no power. More than 50 tribes in 18 states have expressed interest in joining, said Jeffrey Nelson, alliance counsel.

The Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians owns the Lake of the Torches Resort Casino in northern Wisconsin and is already offering online slots, poker and table games, but without prizes. Tribes that join the alliance would be able to use the same firm that provides the 'fun-play' site to the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians.

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Impacts of Native American gaming can be positive or negative, depending on the tribe and its location. In the 1970s, various Native American tribes took unprecedented action to initiate gaming enterprises.^[1] In doing so, they created not only a series of legal struggles between the federal, state, and tribal governments, but also a groundbreaking way to revitalize the Native American economy. Native American gaming has grown from bingo parlors to high-stakes gaming, and is surrounded by controversy on many different levels. Disputes exist concerning tribal sovereignty, negative effects of gaming, and a loss of Native American culture.^[2] In the United States, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was passed in 1988 to secure collaboration between the states and tribes and also for the federal government to oversee gaming operations. Native American gaming has proven to be extremely lucrative for several tribes, but it has also been unsuccessful in some instances. Native American gaming is contingent upon and only beneficial to its respective reservation.^[3]

• 4Controversy

Success[edit]

Gaming can be extremely successful because it stimulates the economy, increases tourism to reservations, reduces unemployment, raises incomes, and increases tribal independence while reducing dependence upon welfare. It has created over 300,000 jobs in the United States.^[4] Tribes in only 30 states are eligible to operate gaming enterprises because 16 states have no federally recognized tribes, and five states (Massachusetts, Texas, Missouri, Rhode Island, and Utah) prohibit Native American gaming.^[5] 224 of the 550 tribes in 28 states operate the 350 Native American gaming enterprises nationwide,^[6] and 68% of Native Americans belong to a tribe with gaming operations.^[1] According to the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, these enterprises earned $19.4 billion in 2005. As compared to the $4.5 billion earned by Native American gaming revenues in 1995, these enterprises have shown substantial growth in just 10 years. These enterprises, earning $19.4 billion a year, account for 25.8% of the nation's $75 billion revenue (brought in by the total gaming enterprises in the country).^[1] In addition, Native American gaming is the source of 400,000 jobs, and the profits from the enterprises often go toward programs that create jobs.^[6] For example, 75% of the profit generated by Cherokee Nation Enterprises in 2005 was given to the Jobs Growth Fund, which expands businesses within the Cherokee Nation to create more jobs.^[7]

Revenues, by law, must go toward improving reservation communities. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act requires that revenues go toward tribal government operations, promotion of the welfare of the tribe and its citizens, economic development, support of charitable organizations, and compensation to local non-Native governments for support of services provided by those governments.^[1] Tribes have boosted their socioeconomic status in the past several years by improving their infrastructure, but due to the lack of federal and state funding, have only been able to do so as a result of gaming enterprises. For instance, tribes often build casino-related facilities that draw visitors such as hotels, conference centers, entertainment venues, golf courses, and RV parks. Once a reservation has established a strong economic foundation, it can draw in businesses that are unrelated to gaming. A common trend is that casinos stimulate the economy, and other business sustain it. For instance, the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians built in a water-bottling plant on the reservation, and along with three other tribes, invested in a hotel in Washington, DC. The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska is involved in a number of businesses, some of which are internet media, home manufacturing, used autos, and gas stations. The Morongo Band of Mission Indians, a small band in California, has opened a Shell station, A&W drive-in, Coco's Restaurant, a water-bottling plant, and a fruit orchard operation. In addition to involvement in private corporations, Native nations have enough sustainability to bolster government programs. Some of these projects include, but are not limited to: providing law enforcement, fire fighters, schools, translators for emergency response, college scholarships, assistance with mortgage down payments, protection for endangered species, monitoring for water quality, care for elders, police cars, foster-care improvements, and health clinics.^[1]

Tribes sometimes distribute funds on a per capita basis to directly benefit its citizens.^[8] Because these have sometimes shown negative effects such as a dependence on tribal government, low attendance in school, and an unwillingness to work, some tribes have experimented with decreasing per capita payments as punishment. To clarify, the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Tribal Council deducted at least $100 from families' payments if children have low school attendance. This ordinance resulted in a 30% increase in graduation in three years, a substantial increase. Furthermore, the Las Vegas Paiute Nation deducted funding for jail provision from the offender's payments because the Nation itself does not have a jail and must rent it from other governments. Punishments such as these provide an incentive for morality through a direct link to financial assistance from the payments themselves.^[1]

List Of Native American Casinos

States also benefit from Native American gaming enterprises. States cannot tax reservations, but they can, under IGRA, negotiate a compact and demand compact payments. Tribes usually pay near or less than 10% of profit to states. The state of Michigan earned an estimated$325 million from tribes spanning from 1993-2003.^[1]

Laws require a tribe to agree to a state compact if they request one, but the IGRA says nothing about local governments. However, many tribes do negotiate with local governments. They place a strain on traffic and emergency services, and a tribe not uncommonly tries to compensate for that. Native Americans pay $50 million annually to local governments across the nation. In addition, non-Natives hold 75% of the 300,000 jobs that belong to Native American gaming.^[4]

With gaming profits, the Creek Nation of Oklahoma has built its own hospital staffed by Native American doctors and nurses.^[5] Other tribes establish health clinics, dialysis centers, and fitness centers to deal with the problem of Native American disease and epidemics. Many tribes work toward securing hope for the future by improving schools. The Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe built two schools that teach fluency in English as well as Ojibwe language.^[4]

Failure[edit]

There have been many past attempts to revitalize Native American economies, but most of them have failed. Two of the more successful ventures, besides gaming, include selling gasoline and cigarettes for a much lower price than can be found off the reservation. Tribes are able to sell cheaper goods because there is no state tax. Lower prices draw in non-Natives from off-reservation sites, and tribes are able to earn a considerable profit. Seminole annual income grew from $600,000 in 1968 to $4.5 million in 1977. Smokeshops account for most of this substantial increase. Less effective efforts by the Seminole Nation to boost the economy include cattle raising, craft selling, and alligator wrestling.^[2] Cattle operations are popular among the Seminole tribe: with their 7,000 head herd, Seminoles are the largest cattle operators in the state of Florida and the twelfth largest in the United States. However, cattle operations are not overwhelmingly successful because they have been known to benefit the individual rather than the tribe. In addition, cattle operations led to government dependency and debt. Another economic endeavor is craft sales. Some individuals create traditional Seminole crafts and sell them, but this market does not leave a huge impact on the tribal economy. Instead, it benefits the individual as a supplementary income. Alligator wrestling is yet another moneymaker but is not relied upon. Alligator wrestling originated in the 1920s and became synonymous with Seminole culture. It has been denigrated as exploitative, though, and is quite risky. Consequently, alligator wrestling has become less prevalent with the growing popularity of Native American gaming.^[2]

If a Native American casino is unsuccessful, its failure is often linked to its geographic location. The size of a tribe is usually insignificant. This argument follows the logic of a free market economy. Tribes with a strong economic base find it easier to draw in new businesses and consumers. Tribes in remote locations suffer because they lack a consumer base to support new and existing businesses.^[4] For example, the Morongo Band of Mission Indians is very small, but their gaming enterprises are overwhelmingly successful. In contrast, the Sioux Nation, a very large nation, has struggled to achieve success with gaming enterprises. Regardless of its thousands of members and approximately 12 gambling halls, the Sioux Nation is unable to benefit from gaming enterprises because it is too isolated from potential customers. Another example is found in San Diego County. Four tribes in San Diego County had ambitious plans for a $100 million-plus resort and convention center but preemptively scaled back this idea because they are in an inconvenient location. Far away from other civilization and in close proximity to each other, the tribes concluded their chances of an overwhelming success were slim.^[5]

The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, the second largest reservation in the United States, suffers from extreme poverty. It is the poorest county in the United States and has attempted to revitalize its economy through the gambling industry. However, these attempts have failed. Its casino created a mere 80 jobs,^[4] but this figure is insignificant since the unemployment rate on the reservation is up to 95%. The reservation has higher unemployment, diabetes, infant mortality, teen suicide, dropout, and alcoholism rates than the country on a whole. Many homes are dilapidated, overcrowded, and without water, plumbing, and electricity. Pine Ridge's failed attempts are predictable considering the closest major city, Denver, Colorado, is 350 miles away.^[9]

Impact on native cultures[edit]

With Native American gaming has come the image of a 'rich Indian.' This depiction contrasts other images of Native Americans portrayed as savage, pure, connected to nature, and spiritual. The reality (that some Native Americans are powerful entrepreneurs) contradicts the notion of what a Native American is 'supposed to be.' 'Rich Indian' propaganda even circulated in response to Proposition 5 in California in 1998^[5] that perpetuated the stereotype that 'the only good Indian is a poor Indian.'^[10]

Eve Darian-Smith and others have asserted that the impact of gaming on Indian culture in general is a loss of a cultural myth. According to Ronald Wright, these ideas are based on stereotypes and are 'construed by the dominant society in an effort to control and justify the enduring inequalities and injustices that permeate our legal system and social landscape.'^[5] One perspective is that Native American gaming is not so much damaging Native culture as it is merely changing a cultural myth, the way the general population perceives Native Americans. Additionally, Native American gaming can be viewed as a means to rejuvenate and preserve tribal culture. For instance, many tribes use revenues generated from gaming toward museums and cultural centers. Tribes are not only able to fund themselves independently but can also afford to preserve their individual histories.^[5]

Controversy[edit]

Morality of Native American gaming[edit]

There is some controversy of Native American gambling because it is argued that it contributes to a moral decay. Gambling, it is argued, promotes crime and pathological behavior.^[5]Gambling addictions as well as drug and alcohol abuse are sometimes associated with Native American gaming. In 1962, the total estimated sums in the United States totaled $2 billion. This figure jumped to $18 billion in 1976, to $80 billion in 1985, and to $400 billion in 1993. In 2000, the total estimated sums wagered in the United States was $866 billion. In 2000, the commercial take was 10%, so the gaming industry earned approximately $70 billion, even accounting for the fact that gamblers win some money back. That is over three times the $22 billion in total revenues generated by all other forms of entertainment combined: tickets to movies, plays, concerts, performances, and sports events. Moreover, Native American gaming contributes to only a fraction of gambling in the United States. Native American casinos bring in only 17% of gambling revenue, while non-Native casinos raise 43%.^[5]

TIME magazine controversy[edit]

In late 2002, TIME magazine printed a special report entitled 'Indian Casinos: Wheel of Misfortune' that infuriated Native Americans nationwide. Ernie Stevens, Jr., Chairman of the National Indian Gaming Association, wrote a letter to the editor of TIME in response to the report.^[4]

Native American gaming in popular culture[edit]

Native American gaming has appeared many times in literature. The first appearance of Native American gaming was in John Rollin Ridge's 1854 novel The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta. Christal Quintasket wrote about Native American gaming in her 1927 novel Cogewea, the Half-Blood. Gerald Vizenor writes on this theme in Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles,The Heirs of Columbus, and Dead Voices. Leslie Marmon Silko wrote a 1977 novel called Ceremony that focuses on gambling. Louise Erdrich, a prominent Native American author, wrote Love Medicine, Tracks, and The Bingo Palace. Traditional, ritual gaming is a common theme in these pieces of literature and provide literary, rather than fact-based, accounts of Native American gaming.^[11]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefgHarvard. The State of the Native Nations. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.
2. ^ ^abcCattelino, Jessica R. High Stakes: Florida Seminole Gaming and Sovereignty. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. Print.
3. ^Harvard. The State of the Native Nations. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.5
4. ^ ^abcdefStevens, Jr., Ernest L. (December 10, 2002). 'NIGA RESPONDS TO TIME ARTICLE'. Minnesota Indian Gaming Association. Archived from the original on May 30, 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
5. ^ ^abcdefghDarian-Smith, Eve. New Capitalists: Law, Politics, and Identity Surrounding Casino Gaming on Native American Land. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2004. Print.
6. ^ ^abWaldman, Carl. Atlas of The North American Indian. 3rd ed. New York: Infobase, 2009. Print.
7. ^SMITH 8
8. ^Waldman, Carl. Atlas of The North American Indian. 3rd ed. New York: Infobase, 2009. Print. 281
9. ^Schwartz, Stephanie M. 'WAMBLI HO, VOICE OF THE EAGLES: SPECIAL REPORT.' Native Village. 2002. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. <Nativevillage.org>.
10. ^Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1998
11. ^Pasquaretta, Paul. Gambling and Survival in Native North America. Tucson: The University of Arizona, 2003. Print.

Native American Gambling Games